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Circles Of Hell: The War In Italy 1943-1945, by Eric Morris
Download Ebook Circles Of Hell: The War In Italy 1943-1945, by Eric Morris
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A critical look at this appallingly managed campaign describes how the Allies triumphed in spite of dissent, desertion, venereal disease, and the actions of a weak and irresolute British commander and a power-hungry American one. 10,000 first printing.
- Sales Rank: #3187890 in Books
- Published on: 1993-11-02
- Released on: 1993-11-02
- Original language: English
- Number of items: 2
- Dimensions: 9.50" h x 6.25" w x 1.50" l,
- Binding: Hardcover
- 498 pages
From Publishers Weekly
The longest and costliest Anglo-American operation in the WW II European theater, the Italian campaign was beset by controversy: the slaughter of the 36th U.S. Division at the Rapido, the bombing of Monte Cassino, General Mark Clark's exclusion of the British from the capture of Rome. Morris's vigorous narrative is shaped around a harsh but well-supported indictment of Allied generalship in Italy, especially of the insistence on attacking the Germans where they were strongest. Mark Clark is presented as a publicity hound, mistrustful of British fighting prowess; Field Marshal Bernard Montgomery as noncooperative and dilatory; and overall theater commander Field Marshal Harold Alexander as weak-willed and indecisive. Morris puts far more emphasis on the purely Italian dimension of the campaign than has any other historian to date, analyzing the weaknesses of the organized Italian military effort, the growing strength of the partisans and the suffering visited on the populace. The Allies, in the name of liberation, killed more Italians than the Germans did. Morris also addresses the biggest controversy of all: the degree to which the Allied armies in Italy actually contributed to the defeat of Nazi Germany. Photos.
Copyright 1993 Reed Business Information, Inc.
Most helpful customer reviews
2 of 2 people found the following review helpful.
Interesting but wildly opinionated history
By Ken in Colorado
I happened on this book by chance and was intrigued, since it is more recent than many of the books about the campaign that was the stepchild of all the European Theater of Operations (ETO) drives. The campaign began with an invasion of Sicily in July of 1943 that had no real strategic objectives other than to demonstrate to Stalin that the Western allies were doing something helpful. After the conquest of North Africa, Roosevelt and Churchill and their military advisors realized that they would not be ready for a cross channel invasion of France until 1944, and did not want to move all their armies to England to await the invasion, so they settled on an invasion of Sicily. That lead to the decision to invade the mainland in September, with the intitial plan to just liberate southern Italy to have access to the port of Naples and the airfields in the south, which would give bomber forces access to southern Germany and the Balkans, otherwise out of reach from bases in England.
Churchill saw some value in the campaign, hoping that it would lead eventually to Allied occupation of the Balkans and prempting the Red Army from its advances through Eastern Europe. But the Americans always wanted priority to go to the invasion of France, and consistently gave short shrift to the Italian campaign. Nonetheless, it continued right up until the end of the war, at a high cost in casualties and a slow slog through mud and mountains.
Eric Morris does a nice job of detailing the major battles and the units involved, with a fair amount of individual episodes and stories. In this, he is probably better than earlier writers on the topic and in terms of of detail it is better than most other accounts of the campaign that I have read.
However, to get this you have to wade through an enormous quantity of negative writing about the commanders involved, the planning (or lack thereof) of the battles and goals, the contentious relationships between the British and the Americans and a whole host of other items. He accuses the Indian troops and French Goumiers of large scale looting and rape of Italian civilians, claims that Italian civilians were worse off under Allied occupation than German occupation, and dismisses the Italian resistance movement as contributing little or no military impact and made up of people who mainly evaded the labor draft or hoped to reap benefits after the war.
It's worth noting that most of these ideas have been espoused from time to time by other writers in this area. Mark Clark most likely was a publicity hound whose ego got in the way of serious military planning, and whose ideas sent many men to their death that did not need to. The weaknesses of Alexander as a theater commander, and the mutual dislike of the British and American commanders did show up in Sicily, played out in Italy, and the friction continued until the end of the war. Civilians probably suffered unnecessarily from bombings that did not really advance the military goals they were supposed to support. The topic of the military role of the Italian resistance (as was the case of the French resistance) continues to be debated to this day, although Morris completely misses the point that in both cases it had a political importance that outweighed its military impact.
In these as in the comments about the rapes, Morris brings almost no evidence to support his points. His bibliography is a page and a half long, and consists entirely of English language sources, mostly memoirs and official histories. He does not list any primary source evidence (although he quotes some in his footnotes), German language sources, or Italian language sources. He says has been writing about this topic for a while, and has published some earlier books on aspects of the campaign. His book is 52 chapters long, and has only a handful of footnotes for each chapter. Some of the more contentious assertions are supported only by such items as "Author interview with a Fifth Army staff officer who wishes to remain anonymous".
In fairness, I want to point out that the author has provided citations to some British official papers (without even the most basic context), very good maps and photographs, a series of appendices which detail orders of battle and terms used, so that there is quite a bit of helpful information. But it's very hard to tell which of the information is good, and which of it represents just the author's prejudices. Opinion per se is not bad, but unsupported opinion makes a reader question the whole enterprise. It does not help his case (but it may not be his fault) that there are way too many typos, missing words, and misspelled given names and place names in the book.
I would not recommend this for people looking for an introduction to the topic. If the book is read with care and some prior knowledge, there is much to be gained from reading it. Otherwise: caveat lector.
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